Viral Causes of Abortion in Small Ruminants: An Indian Perspective

Abstract

Abortion in small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats, is a major cause of reproductive failure and economic loss in India. While bacterial and parasitic agents have traditionally received greater attention, viral causes are increasingly recognized for their role in fetal mortality, stillbirths, and neonatal losses. Among these, Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV), Bluetongue Virus (BTV), Border Disease Virus (BDV), and capripox viruses (goat pox and sheep pox) are significant in the Indian context due to their endemicity and reproductive implications. Emerging threats such as Akabane Virus (AKAV), Schmallenberg Virus (SBV), and Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) pose potential risks, particularly in the backdrop of evolving climate and vector dynamics. This review provides a detailed account of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and control measures, emphasizing current challenges, national programs, and future prospects through a One Health lens.